"Não ande atrás de mim, talvez eu não saiba liderar. Não ande na minha frente, talvez eu não queira seguí-lo. Ande ao meu lado, para podermos caminhar juntos."

Em uma pesquisa com 24 refrigerantes, a Pro Teste –Associação Brasileira de Defesa do Consumidor– verificou que 7 têm benzeno, substância potencialmente cancerígena. O benzeno surge da reação de um conservante, o benzoato de sódio, com a vitamina C. Como não há regra para a quantidade do composto em refrigerantes, usou-se o limite para água potável: 5 microgramas por litro.

Os casos mais preocupantes foram o da Sukita Zero, que tinha 20 microgramas, e o da Fanta Light, com 7,5 microgramas. Os outros cinco produtos estavam abaixo desse limite. São eles: Dolly Guaraná, Dolly Guaraná Diet, Fanta Laranja, Sprite Zero e Sukita.

Fernanda Ribeiro, técnica da Pro Teste, diz que é difícil estudar a relação direta entre o benzeno e o câncer em humanos, mas que já se sabe que a substância tem alto potencial carcinogênico e que, se consumida regularmente, pode favorecer tumores. "Segundo a OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde), não há limite seguro para ingestão dessa substância", diz.

A química Arline Abel Arcuri, pesquisadora da Fundacentro (Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho) e integrante da Comissão Nacional Permanente do Benzeno, diz que o composto vem sendo relacionado especialmente a leucemias e, mais recentemente, também ao linfoma.

O fato de entrar em contato com o benzeno não significa necessariamente que a pessoa vá ter câncer –há organismos mais e menos suscetíveis. "Mas não somos um tubo de ensaio para saber se resistimos ou não, e não há limites seguros de tolerância. O ideal, então, é não consumir", diz Arcuri.

O benzeno está presente no ambiente, decorrente principalmente da fumaça do cigarro e da queima de combustível. Na indústria, é matéria-prima de produtos como detergente, borracha sintética e náilon.

Nesse caso, não contamina o consumidor por se transformar em outros compostos. A principal preocupação é proteger o trabalhador da indústria.

Teste dos Refrigerantes O efeito do benzeno é lento, mas, quanto maior o tempo de exposição e a quantidade do composto, maior a probabilidade de desenvolver o tumor.

Adoçantes e corantes

A pesquisa da Pro Teste encontrou, ainda, adoçantes na versão tradicional do Grapette, não informados no rótulo. O problema é maior no caso de crianças, que devem ingerir menos adoçantes.

Foram reprovados outros seis produtos [Fanta Laranja, Fanta Laranja Light, Grapette, Grapette Diet, Sukita e Sukita Zero] que tinham os corantes amarelo crepúsculo –que, segundo estudos, favorece a hiperatividade infantil– e amarelo tartrazina –com alto potencial alergênico. "O amarelo crepúsculo já foi proibido na Europa. E muitas crianças têm alergia a alguns alimentos e, depois, descobre-se que o problema é o amarelo tartrazina", diz Ribeiro.

Os corantes são aprovados no Brasil, mas, para a Pro Teste, as empresas deveriam substituí-los por outros que não sejam problemáticos, assim como no caso do ácido benzoico. "É um problema fácil de ser resolvido", diz Ribeiro.

Outro lado

A Coca-Cola, responsável pela Fanta, afirmou, em nota, que cumpre a lei e que os corantes de bebidas são descritos no rótulo. Afirma, ainda, que o benzeno está presente em alimentos e bebidas em níveis muito baixos.

A AmBev, que fabrica a Sukita, informou que trabalha "sob os mais rígidos padrões de qualidade e em total atendimento à legislação brasileira".

Cláudio Rodrigues, gerente-geral da Refrigerantes Pakera, que fabrica o Grapette, diz que a bebida tradicional pode ter sido contaminada por adoçantes porque as duas versões são feitas na mesma máquina. "Os tanques são lavados, mas pode ter ficado resíduo de adoçante no lote testado."

FLÁVIA MANTOVANI da Folha de S.Paulo

Comentários em: "Sete refrigerantes têm substância cancerígena, revela pesquisa" (27)

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